Fixing What Ails Wall Street: Ethics, or Incentives?
The financial and insurance sector of the US economy has more than doubled since the 1960s. Compensation levels in that sector have way more than doubled, and in way less time. Finally, the finance sector is highly responsible for the recent massive losses in asset value, with the attendant down economy, unemployment, etc.
If you’re with me on those three statements, then you probably agree that something is wrong on Wall Street. But just what?
Are warped incentives to blame? A Gordon Gekko-ish culture of greed? A mugging of economic thinking by anti-Keynesian theorists? An over-emphasis on competition? A failure of regulation?
(And let’s not go to the ‘we need to be less trusting, because there are bad people out there.’ We do not need more suspicion in the world today; we need more trusting, and more trustworthiness of those who would be trusted.)
If we force it, most answers boil down to two: it’s either the greedy financiers’ fault, or the fault of the system to restrain natural greed. Let’s look at some recent examples of both views.
In This Corner: The System’s to Blame
Eric Dash, in the blog Economix, does a fine job running down several reasons why pay packages got so out of whack with performance. He focuses particularly on moral hazard and timing issues. If you can gain big by risk, but can’t lose, then the game is rigged against the public. And if you take the money and run, then no one can hold you accountable.
But in the end, Dash suggests culture is key—the culture of correctly linking risk to pay–or not–encouraged by those at the top.
It seems curious to cap a structural critique of the industry with a conclusion that is based on a human-nature sort of thing like culture.
Curious, but rather right.
And in This Corner: It’s Ethics That Are At Fault
Over at Investment Business Daily, Gary Stern reports that companies are cutting back significantly on ethics training. “The decision by some firms to cut back on ethics training may haunt them,” reports Stern. “Analysts say creating an ethical culture can help sustain long-term growth, not hamper it.”
Interestingly, Stern also cites a strong culture as the ultimate source of ethical behavior.
But the quotes above illustrate a weakness at the heart of much of the arguments for ethical behavior. They often try very hard to prove that ethical behavior is profitable behavior, hence we can have our cake and eat it too.
Problem is: if the ultimate test of ethical behavior is profitability, then it makes a complete hash of ethics.
I happen to believe that for the most part, behaving ethically is indeed profitable; the longer the timeframe and scope, the easier it is to prove this (sustainability initiatives are a good case in point). But to use bottom-lines to justify ethical behavior is hugely back-asswards.
The Worst of Both Worlds.
What happens when we combine a reliance on structural issues with a casual view of ethics that defines moral behavior in terms of profitability?
A striking example, it seems to me, occurred this summer in healthcare legislation hearings. Representative Stupak of Michigan asked three health insurance industry leaders whether they would commit to ending the practice of rescission unless there were fraud or misrepresentation.
They fact that the companies refused to so commit is not surprising, or even troubling, to me. There could have been valid business reasons not to knuckle under to such a public hijacking.
But then the leaders opened their mouths to explain why they would not so commit.
“No sir we follow the state laws and regulations,” said one leader.
“No, I would not commit. The intentional standard is not the law of the land,” said another.
Allow me to translate. ‘The reason we won’t stop nailing innocent people to the wall and rescinding life-saving policies for trivial reasons is—because it’s not illegal for us to keep doing it. And we’ll keep doing it until you stop us by making it illegal.’
What?
I suggest that’s the result of decades of decay in ethics. We have come not only to over-rely on structural solutions, but have produced business ‘leaders’ who blithely abdicate any ethical responsibility in favor of laws passed by state legislatures.
How can business be trusted if it has no ethics beyond a lawyer’s opinion? What kind of ethics is that?
The law should be based on ethics, more than ethics should be based on the law. Law schools, business schools, corporate boards, industry and professional associations should all be ashamed that they have lost track of the difference, and have got it thoroughly backwards. They need to be held accountable for encouraging this kind of bland monstrosity.
What’s really wrong with Wall Street? Not misaligned incentives, but misaligned views about who owes whom: it’s business that has an obligation to society, not the reverse. Apparently not everyone got the memo.
Charles –
I am going to disagree with you on some of the underlying assumptions.
The greed that lead to this bubble was endemic throughout society. (Wall Street waa an enabler and a participant in this greed.) The bubble was the rapid and dramatic increase in residential property values. Like all bubbles, this one burst.
There are plenty of ethical lapses, greed and misconduct up and down the chain of capital that lead to the bubble: homeowners, foreclosed property owners, mortageg brokers, lenders, rating agencies, the Federal Reserve, Wall Street investment banks, hedge funds, debt investors, Congress and federal regulators.
Take a look at this chart:
http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2009/07/update-case-shiller-100-year-chart/
That bursting of the bubble in home prices from its highpoint in July 2006 represents a real loss of homeowner equity and lenders’ debt. With the securitization tools created by Wall Street, that lender’s debt was packaged, re-packaged, sold and re-sold many times over, spreading the risk and the damage across a broad swath of society.
The 1980’s boom mostly limited to banks who were stuck with the loss. Securitization was designed to spread that risk out and create liquidity. It worked. But it resulted in a bigger bubble and bigger effects from the collapse.
Doug, thanks for this very thoughtful comment. I find myself largely, though not entirely, in agreement.
You are certainly right that greed was not limited to Wall Street, and you’ve provided a good starting list. Though I would note that the list you provided is all very closely tied to financial services–mortgage brokers, lenders, ratings agencies. I still think that if there were some way to allocate proportional ‘blame,’ the financial sector would get more than its proportional share. Fo example, I don’t see the same level of greed coming from the technology, manufacturing, transportation or services sector.
And you’re certainly right about the gasoline-on-fire effect that securitization had on an otherwise-containable bubble.
But we’re in agreement on an even broader basis. Wall Street was not alone in this. The propagation of shareholder value as an underlying arbiter of all that is good, the deification of markets, and the relentless substitution of business processes for human interactions, all played a role. (See, for example, my post Why the Boston Consulting Group Caused the Recession). And that mode of thinking got spread, as I listed above, by law schools, business schools, corporate boards, industry and professional association, and more.
True, it wasn’t just Wall Street. But I still think Wall Street was Ground Zero for a significantly bad episode in history for business in general.
Wall Street threw gasoline on the fire, creating a bigger bubble and they deserve lots of the blame. No doubt about that.
Let’s also not forget that the last bubble was technology. The Dot-Coms thought they could move beyond profits using this fancy new internet thing. There was lots of greed back then. Peopel left their jobs to be become day-traders. Tech employees were happy to load up on company shares and options instead of cash. Boom! Bubble burst.
Each of the other industries had there bubbles. We are both too young to remember the wild run up in railroad stocks. Many of the current methods for dealing with bankrupt and debt-ridden companies comes from the railroad insolvencies of the late 19th century. The dot-com bubble 100 years earlier.
But this latest bubble was a really big one and the burst was very painful.
Doug, re the last bubble was technology: touche.
Where there is greed it is very easy for individuals to make rationalizations that jeopardize their ethics. Business Ethics Training is very important to remind people what is important and what they should be doing.